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It burns for a second then that burn is replaced by a sort of happy warmth in my chest. Retrieved 6 March 2018. You can still find old bottles around, as the switch was recent.

From the early 18th century, production expanded, although production was prohibited several times, during grain shortages. The cause was suspected to be an industrial disinfectant — 95% ethanol but also containing a highly toxic chemical — added to the vodka by the illegal traders because of its high alcohol content and low price. Retrieved 4 August 2017.

- The Oxford companion to American food and drink. The word written in appeared first in 1533, in relation to a medicinal drink brought from Poland to Russia by the merchants of.

Vodka : wódka , : водка is a composed primarily of water and , but sometimes with traces of impurities and flavorings. Traditionally, vodka is made through the distillation of or potatoes that have been , though some modern brands, such as , , and , use fruits or sugar. Vodka Place of origin , Main ingredients , Large selection of vodkas and spirits at a store in , Poland Since the 1890s, the standard , , , , , , , , , , , and vodkas are 40% ABV or 80 US , a percentage widely misattributed to Russian chemist. Meanwhile, the has established a minimum of 37. Even with these loose restrictions, most vodka sold contains 40% ABV. These countries have the highest vodka consumption in the world. The word vodka was recorded for the first time in 1405 in Akta Grodzkie, the court documents from the in Poland. The word vodka written in appeared first in 1533, in relation to a medicinal drink brought from Poland to Russia by the merchants of. Although the word vodka could be found in early manuscripts and in pictograms, it began to appear in Russian dictionaries only in the mid-19th century. In English literature the word vodka was attested already in the late 18th century. Others languages include the German Branntwein, brændevin, : brandewijn, : , and : although the latter terms refer to any strong alcoholic beverage. Scholars debate the beginnings of vodka. It is a contentious issue because very little historical material is available. For many centuries, beverages differed significantly compared to the vodka of today, as the spirit at that time had a different flavor, color and smell, and was originally used as medicine. It contained little alcohol, an estimated maximum of about 14%. Poland In Poland, vodka : wódka or gorzałka has been produced since the early with local traditions as varied as the production of in France, or Scottish. The word written in appeared first in 1533, in relation to a medicinal drink brought from Poland to Russia by the merchants of. In these early days, the spirits were used mostly as medicines. Wodka lub gorzałka 1614 , by Jerzy Potański, contains valuable information on the production of vodka. Jakub Kazimierz Haur, in his book Skład albo skarbiec znakomitych sekretów ekonomii ziemiańskiej A Treasury of Excellent Secrets about Landed Gentry's Economy, Kraków, 1693 , gave detailed recipes for making vodka from. Some Polish vodka blends go back centuries. Most notable are , from about the 16th century; , from the early 17th century; and aged vodka, from the 16th century. In the mid-17th century, the nobility of Poland were granted a monopoly on producing and selling vodka in their territories. This privilege was a source of substantial profits. One of the most famous distilleries of the aristocracy was established by Princess and later operated by her grandson, Count. The Vodka Industry Museum, located at the park of the Potocki country estate has an original document attesting that the distillery already existed in 1784. Vodka production on a much larger scale began in Poland at the end of the 16th century, initially at , whence spirits were exported to before 1550. Silesian cities also bought vodka from , a city that in 1580 had 498 working spirits distilleries. Soon, however, outpaced both these cities. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Polish vodka was known in the Netherlands, Denmark, England, Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, , , and the basin. Early production methods were rudimentary. The beverage was usually low-proof, and the distillation process had to be repeated several times a three-stage distillation process was common. The first distillate was called brantówka, the second was szumówka, and the third was okowita from aqua vitae , which generally contained 70—80% ABV. Then the beverage was watered down, yielding a simple vodka 30—35% ABV , or a stronger one if the watering was done using an. The exact production methods were described in 1768 by and in 1774 by. The late 18th century inaugurated the production of vodka from various unusual substances including even the. Though there was clearly a substantial vodka cottage industry in Poland back to the 16th century, the end of the 18th century marked the start of real industrial production of vodka in Poland , the eastern part of Poland was controlled at that time. Vodkas produced by the nobility and clergy became a mass product. The first industrial distillery was opened in 1782 in by. He was soon followed by Jakub Haberfeld, who in 1804 established a factory at , and by Hartwig Kantorowicz, who started producing in 1823 at. The implementation of new technologies in the latter half of the 19th century, which allowed the production of clear vodkas, contributed to their success. The first rectification distillery was established in 1871. In 1925, the production of clear vodkas was made a monopoly. After , all vodka distilleries were taken over by Poland's. During the martial law of the 1980s, the sale of vodka was rationed. Following the success of the movement and the , many distilleries began struggling financially. Some filed for bankruptcy, but many were privatized, leading to the creation of various new brands. Russia Russian Vodka in various bottles and cups A type of distilled liquor designated by the Russian word vodka came to Russia in the late 14th century. According to a legend, around 1430, a monk named from inside the made a recipe of the first Russian vodka. Having a special knowledge and distillation devices, he became the creator of a new, higher quality type of alcoholic beverage. Thus, this beverage was closely associated with Moscow. Until the mid-18th century, the drink remained relatively low in alcohol content, not exceeding 40% ABV. In some locations, grape wine may have been so expensive that it was a drink only for aristocrats. Burning wine was usually diluted with water to 24% ABV or less before drinking. It was mostly sold in taverns and was quite expensive. At the same time, the word vodka was already in use, but it described herbal similar to , containing up to 75% ABV, and made for medicinal purposes. A large selection of vodkas at a hypermarket near , Russia. The first written usage of the word vodka in an official Russian document in its modern meaning is dated by the decree of of 8 June 1751, which regulated the ownership of vodka distilleries. By the 1860s, due to the government policy of promoting consumption of state-manufactured vodka, it became the drink of choice for many Russians. In 1863, the government monopoly on vodka production was repealed, causing prices to plummet and making vodka available even to low-income citizens. The taxes on vodka became a key element of government finances in Tsarist Russia, providing at times up to 40% of state revenue. By 1911, vodka comprised 89% of all alcohol consumed in Russia. This level has fluctuated somewhat during the 20th century, but remained quite high at all times. The most recent estimates put it at 70% 2001. Today, some popular Russian vodka producers or brands are amongst others and. During the late 1970s, Russian culinary author compiled a history of the production of vodka in Russia, as part of the case in a trade dispute; this was later published as. Pokhlebkin claimed that while there is a wealth of publications about the history of consumption and distribution of vodka, virtually nothing had been written about vodka production. Pokhlebkin's sources were challenged by David Christian in the Slavic Review in 1994. Christian criticised the lack of valid references in Pokhlebkin's works stating that his work has an obvious pro-Russian bias. Pokhlebkin is also known for his Pan-Slavic sympathies under the leadership of Russia, and sentiments which in David Christian's opinion discredits majority of his work, especially his History of Vodka. Sweden A miniature bottle of Absolut Vodka. This beverage has been produced in Sweden since the late 15th century, although the total production was still small in the 17th century. From the early 18th century, production expanded, although production was prohibited several times, during grain shortages. Although initially a grain product, started to be used in the production in the late 18th century, and became dominant from the early 19th century. From the early 1870s, distillery equipment was improved. Progressively from the 1960s, unflavoured Swedish brännvin also came to be called vodka. The first Swedish product to use this term was , which was created in 1958 and initially was intended for the American export market. Vodka has become popular among young people, with a flourishing. Vodka bottling machine, Shatskaya Vodka Vodka may be distilled from any - or -rich plant matter; most vodka today is produced from such as , , or. Among grain vodkas, rye and wheat vodkas are generally considered superior. Some vodkas are made from , , , , , and sometimes even byproducts of oil refining or wood pulp processing. In some Central European countries, such as Poland, some vodka is produced by just fermenting a solution of crystal sugar and yeast. In the United States, many vodkas are made from 95% pure produced in large quantities by agricultural-industrial giants , Grain Processing Corporation, and Midwest Grain Products MGP. Bottlers purchase the base spirits in bulk, then filter, dilute, distribute and market the end product under a variety of vodka brand names. Similar methods are used in other regions such as Europe. This pure grain alcohol, also known as rectified spirit, neutral spirit, or ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin is also available directly to consumers in some areas, as products such as , Polmos spirytus rektyfikowany, and others. In contrast to very-high ABV vodkas such as the Bulgarian Balkan 176° with 88% ABV, these grain alcohol products are not considered vodka; they have not yet gone through the filtration and refining process used to produce vodka. Distilling and filtering This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and. August 2017 A common property of the vodkas produced in the United States and Europe is the extensive use of filtration prior to any additional processing including the addition of. Filtering is sometimes done in the during , as well as afterwards, where the distilled vodka is filtered through and other media to absorb trace amounts of substances that alter or impart off-flavors to the vodka. However, this is not the case in the traditional vodka-producing nations, so many distillers from these countries prefer to use very accurate distillation but minimal filtering, thus preserving the unique flavors and characteristics of their products. These components of the distillate contain flavor compounds such as and heads as well as the tails that impact the usually desired clean taste of vodka. Through numerous rounds of distillation, or the use of a fractioning still, the taste is modified and clarity is increased. Repeated distillation of vodka will make its ethanol level much higher than is acceptable to most end users, whether legislation determines strength limits or not. Depending on the distillation method and the technique of the stillmaster, the final filtered and distilled vodka may have as much as 95—96% ethanol. As such, most vodka is diluted with water prior to bottling. Flavorings include red pepper, ginger, fruit flavors, vanilla, chocolate without sweetener , and cinnamon. In Russia, vodka flavored with honey and pepper, pertsovka in Russian, is also very popular. In Poland and Belarus, the leaves of the local are added to produce Polish and Belarusian vodka, with slightly sweet flavors and light amber colors. In Lithuania and Poland, a famous vodka containing honey is called. This tradition of flavoring is also prevalent in the , where vodka seasoned with herbs, fruits and spices is the appropriate strong drink for several seasonal festivities. Sweden has forty-odd common varieties of herb-flavored vodka kryddat brännvin. In Poland and Ukraine, a separate category nalyvka in Ukraine and in Poland is used for vodka-based spirits with fruit, root, flower, or herb extracts, which are often home-made or produced by small commercial distilleries. Their alcohol contents vary between 15 and 75%. In , vodkas are available with barberry, blackcurrant, cherry, green apple, lemon, vanilla and watermelon flavors. More recently, people have experimented with producing more unusual flavors of vodka, such as extremely hot chili flavored vodka and even. In most cases, vodka flavoring comes from a post-distillation infusion of flavors. Through the fermentation process, grain mash is transformed into a neutral alcohol beverage that is unflavored. The process of flavoring vodka so that it tastes like fruits, chocolate, and other foods occurs after fermentation and distillation. Various chemicals that reproduce the flavor profiles of foods are added into vodka to give it a specific taste. This proposition provoked heavy criticism from South European countries, which often distill used from wine-making into spirits; although higher quality mash is usually distilled into some variety of , lower-quality mash is better turned into neutral-flavored spirits instead. Any vodka not made from either grain or potatoes would have to display the products used in its production. This regulation entered into force in 2008. Canadian regulations Vodka must be an uncontaminated alcoholic beverage created by the treatment of grain spirit or potato spirit accompanied by , resulting in a product without distinctive character, aroma, or taste. United States regulations Pursuant to the Code of Federal Regulations 27 CFR 5. However, severe poisoning, , or death can occur as a result of dangerous industrial ethanol substitutes being added by black-market producers. The cause was suspected to be an industrial disinfectant — 95% ethanol but also containing a highly toxic chemical — added to the vodka by the illegal traders because of its high alcohol content and low price. Death toll estimates list at least 120 dead and more than 1,000 poisoned. The death toll is expected to rise due to the chronic nature of the that is causing the jaundice. However, there are also much higher estimates of the annual death toll dozens or even hundreds of thousand of lives produced by the vodka consumption in Russia. Vodka can also be used in cooking and various recipes are improved by the addition of vodka or rely on it as a key ingredient. Vodka can be used in baking as a substitute for water: pie crusts can be made flakier with vodka. It may be used in seafood dishes, cheesecake, or. Retrieved 11 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2014. Prominent Russians: Science and technology. Retrieved 6 July 2014. Archived from the original on 22 January 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2007. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Gin and Vodka Association. United States Government Printing Office. Archived from on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2008. Москва, Русский язык-Медиа, 2004. Archived from on 30 September 2007. Rees, Pater-Noster-Row, and J. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2008. The Oxford companion to American food and drink. The Making of Humanity, p. Retrieved 25 November 2013. Archived from on 13 April 2009. Retrieved on 19 July 2013. Retrieved on 19 July 2013. Archived from on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title , via flexnews. Retrieved 14 July 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2017. The agricultural ethyl alcohol we produce is the basic component of clear and fine vodkas. Our product is used for manufacturing vodkas of the best brand in Poland. Make it Your Own with Everclear. Retrieved 4 August 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2018. Archived from on 1 April 2010. Retrieved on 19 July 2013. Retrieved on 19 July 2013. The Penguin Book of Spirits and Liqueurs. Retrieved 22 November 2008. Retrieved 22 November 2008. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018. The Vodka Companion: A Connoisseur's Guide. Complete Book of Spirits and Cocktails. Italy: Carlton Books Ltd. Vodkas of the World. Edison, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press. The Dedalus Book of Vodka. London: Prion Books Ltd. Vodka: Discovering, Exploring, Enjoying. Gorzałka czyli historia i zasady wypalania mocnych trunków.

FLIRT vodka 2001 - Romeo & Juliet
The campaign was reintroduced in 2006. Rees, Pater-Noster-Row, and J. The glad vodka was recorded for the first time in 1405 in Akta Grodzkie, the court documents from the in Poland. I am in love. Maybe because flirt vodka wikipedia was so brazen, maybe because Flirt supported it by offering free knee pads to anyone who returned an empty case to a el. Other vodkas in this same price range tend to sour my stomach for most of the next day after consuming a little too much. In 2004, Brown-Forman acquired the remaining 20% of Finlandia Vodka and assumed 100% ownership in the brand. Depending on the distillation method and the tout of the stillmaster, the final filtered and distilled vodka may have as much as 95—96% ethanol. Bartender, get her a beer'. Complete Book of Spirits and Cocktails. Retrieved 6 March 2018. The process of flavoring vodka so that it tastes flirt vodka wikipedia fruits, chocolate, and other foods occurs after fermentation and distillation.